Clinical and genetic characteristics of three patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: Case reports and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations of the NTRK1 gene, affecting the autonomic and sensory nervous system. Clinical manifestation is varied and includes recurrent fever, pain insensitivity, anhidrosis, self-mutilating behavior, and intellectual disability. METHODS: Clinical and genetic features were assessed in two males and one female with genetically confirmed CIPA using exome or genome sequencing. RESULTS: CIPA symptoms including recurrent fever, pain insensitivity, and anhidrosis manifested at the age of 1 year (age range: 0.3-8 years). Two patients exhibited self-mutilation tendencies, intellectual disability, and developmental delay. Four NTRK1 (NM_002529.3) mutations, c.851-33T>A (p.?), c.2020G>T (p.Asp674Tyr), c.2303C>T (p.Pro768Leu), and c.574-156_850+1113del (exons 5-7 del) were identified. Two patients exhibited early onset and severe phenotype, being homozygous for c.851-33T>A (p.?) mutations and compound heterozygous for c.851-33T>A (p.?) and c.2020G>T (p.Asp674Tyr) mutation of NTRK1. The third patient with compound heterozygous mutations of c.2303C>T (p.Pro768Leu) and c.574-156_850+1113del (exons 5-7 del) displayed a late onset and milder clinical manifestation. CONCLUSION: All three patients exhibited variable phenotypes and disease severity. This research enriches our understanding of clinical and genetic aspects of CIPA, highlighting variable phenotypes and disease severity.

PKHD1L1, a gene involved in the stereocilia coat, causes autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss.

Identification of genes associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss is a crucial endeavor given the substantial number of individuals who remain without a diagnosis after even the most advanced genetic testing. PKHD1L1 was established as necessary for the formation of the cochlear hair-cell stereociliary coat and causes hearing loss in mice and zebrafish when mutated. We sought to determine if biallelic variants in PKHD1L1 also cause hearing loss in humans. Exome sequencing was performed on DNA of four families segregating autosomal recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Compound heterozygous p.[(Gly129Ser)];p.[(Gly1314Val)] and p.[(Gly605Arg)];p[(Leu2818TyrfsTer5)], homozygous missense p.(His2479Gln) and nonsense p.(Arg3381Ter) variants were identified in PKHD1L1 that were predicted to be damaging using in silico pathogenicity prediction methods. In vitro functional analysis of two missense variants was performed using purified recombinant PKHD1L1 protein fragments. We then evaluated protein thermodynamic stability with and without the missense variants found in one of the families and performed a minigene splicing assay for another variant. In silico molecular modeling using AlphaFold2 and protein sequence alignment analysis were carried out to further explore potential variant effects on structure. In vitro functional assessment indicated that both engineered PKHD1L1 p.(Gly129Ser) and p.(Gly1314Val) mutant constructs significantly reduced the folding and structural stabilities of the expressed protein fragments, providing further evidence to support pathogenicity of these variants. Minigene assay of the c.1813G>A p.(Gly605Arg) variant, located at the boundary of exon 17, revealed exon skipping leading to an in-frame deletion of 48 amino acids. In silico molecular modeling exposed key structural features that might suggest PKHD1L1 protein destabilization. Multiple lines of evidence collectively associate PKHD1L1 with nonsyndromic mild-moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss. PKHD1L1 testing in individuals with mild-moderate hearing loss may identify further affected families.

A case report of an Egyptian family with familial hypercholesterolemia and an exonic LINE-1 insertion in LDLR.

BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (MIM: PS143890) is a genetic disorder characterized by an increase in blood cholesterol. LDLR is one of the genes which their defect contributes to the disorder. Affected individuals may carry a heterozygous variant or homozygous/compound heterozygous variants and those with biallelic pathogenic variants present more severe symptoms. METHOD: We report an Egyptian family with familial hypercholesterolemia. Both the proband and parents have the disorder while a sibling is unaffected. Exome sequencing was performed to identify the causal variant. RESULTS: LINE-1 insertion in exon 7 of LDLR was identified. Both parents have a heterozygous variant while the proband has a homozygous variant. The unaffected sibling did not carry the variant. DISCUSSION: This insertion may contribute to the high prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Egypt and the finding underscores the importance of implementing mobile element insertion caller in routine bioinformatics pipeline.

Identification of a complex intrachromosomal inverted insertion in the long arm of chromosome 9 as a cause of tuberous sclerosis complex in a Korean family.

BACKGROUND: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder, caused by a loss-of-function of either TSC1 or TSC2 gene. However, in 10%-15% TSC patients there is no pathogenic variant identified in either TSC1 or TSC2 genes based on standard clinical testing. METHODS: In this study, genome sequencing was performed for families with clinical diagnosis of TSC with negative results from TSC1 and TSC2 single-gene tests. RESULTS: Herein, we report a family presenting a classical TSC phenotype with an unusual, complex structural variant involving the TSC1 gene: an intrachromosomal inverted insertion in the long arm of chromosome 9. We speculate that the inverted 9q33.3q34.13 region was inserted into the q31.2 region with the 3'-end of the breakpoint of the inversion being located within the TSC1 gene, resulting in premature termination of TSC1. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrate the utility of genome sequencing for the identification of complex chromosomal rearrangement. Because the breakpoints are located within the deep intronic/intergenic region, this copy-neutral variant was missed by the TSC1 and TSC2 single-gene tests and contributed to an unknown etiology. Together, this finding suggests that complex structural variants may be underestimated causes for the etiology of TSC.

Familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with a WT1 gene missense mutation: A case report.

Focal s egmental glomerulosclerosis (F SGS) can cause protei nuria and loss o f k idney fun ction, leading to e ndstage renal di s ease (ESRD). Podocyte injury is the ce ntral pathophysiologi cal mechanis m of hereditary FSGS. Numerous mutations in genes e ncoding or affe cting the transcriptional regulation of podocyte cell compar tments have been detected in patients with genetic FSGS. Herein, we report a rare case of familial FSGS with an autosomal dominant WT1 mutation. A 63-year- old man developed pro teinuri a; his reading showed over 1g prote in/day. A pa thological diagn osis of FSG S was made after rena l biops y. H is elder brother an d a 36-year- old son also had ESRD. Heterozygous variant of WT1 (NM_024426.4) c.1373G>A (p.Arg458Gln ) mi s sense was dete cted in the patient a nd his son , by whole-exome sequen cing. Although genetic screening is not a par t of routine practice, it s hould be per for med in such cases to a id a ppropriate tre atment options sel ecting, revealing extra ren al symptoms, and family planning.

Progressive ataxia, ophthalmoparesis, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in a family with a novel variant in the KIFBP gene.

A novel homozygous variant in KIFBP was identified in a consanguineous family with four sibs affected by Goldberg-Sphrintzen Syndrome (GOSHS). We report for the first time, early-adulthood-onset progressive ataxia, opthalmoparesis, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in GOSHS.

PKHD1L1, A Gene Involved in the Stereocilia Coat, Causes Autosomal Recessive Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss.

Identification of genes associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss is a crucial endeavor given the substantial number of individuals who remain without a diagnosis after even the most advanced genetic testing. PKHD1L1 was established as necessary for the formation of the cochlear hair-cell stereociliary coat and causes hearing loss in mice and zebrafish when mutated. We sought to determine if biallelic variants in PKHD1L1 also cause hearing loss in humans. Exome sequencing was performed on DNA of four families segregating autosomal recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Compound heterozygous p.[(Gly129Ser)];p.[(Gly1314Val)] and p.[(Gly605Arg)];p[(Leu2818TyrfsTer5)], homozygous missense p.(His2479Gln) and nonsense p.(Arg3381Ter) variants were identified in PKHD1L1 that were predicted to be damaging using in silico pathogenicity prediction methods. In vitro functional analysis of two missense variants was performed using purified recombinant PKHD1L1 protein fragments. We then evaluated protein thermodynamic stability with and without the missense variants found in one of the families and performed a minigene splicing assay for another variant. In silico molecular modelling using AlphaFold2 and protein sequence alignment analysis were carried out to further explore potential variant effects on structure. In vitro functional assessment indicated that both engineered PKHD1L1 p.(Gly129Ser) and p.(Gly1314Val) mutant constructs significantly reduced the folding and structural stabilities of the expressed protein fragments, providing further evidence to support pathogenicity of these variants. Minigene assay of the c.1813G>A p.(Gly605Arg) variant, located at the boundary of exon 17, revealed exon skipping leading to an in-frame deletion of 48 amino acids. In silico molecular modelling exposed key structural features that might suggest PKHD1L1 protein destabilization. Multiple lines of evidence collectively associate PKHD1L1 with nonsyndromic mild-moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss. PKHD1L1 testing in individuals with mild-moderate hearing loss may identify further affected families.

Genetic heterogeneity of cardiomyopathy and its correlation with patient care.

BACKGROUND: Cardiomyopathy, which is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous pathological condition, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Genetic diagnosis of cardiomyopathy enables accurate phenotypic classification and optimum patient management and counseling. This study investigated the genetic spectrum of cardiomyopathy and its correlation with the clinical course of the disease. METHODS: The samples of 72 Korean patients with cardiomyopathy (43 males and 29 females) were subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES). The familial information and clinical characteristics of the patients were reviewed and analyzed according to their genotypes. RESULTS: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy was detected in 41 (56.9%), 25 (34.7%), 4 (5.6%), and 2 (2.8%) patients, respectively. WES analysis revealed positive results in 37 (51.4%) patients. Subsequent familial testing identified ten additional familial cases. Among DCM cases, 19 (46.3%) patients exhibited positive results, with TTN variants being the most common alteration, followed by LMNA and MYH7 variants. Meanwhile, among HCM cases, 15 (60%) patients exhibited positive results with MYH7 variants being the most common alteration. In six patients with positive results, extracardiac surveillance was warranted based on disease information. The incidence of worse outcomes, such as mortality and life-threatening arrhythmic events, in patients with DCM harboring LMNA variants, was higher than that in patients with DCM harboring TTN or MYH7 variants. CONCLUSIONS: Diverse genotypes were identified in a substantial proportion of patients with cardiomyopathy. Genetic diagnosis enables personalized disease surveillance and management.

Clinical, radiographic and molecular characterization of two unrelated families with multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis, and arthropathy.

BACKGROUND: Multicentric osteolysis nodulosis and arthropathy (MONA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by marked progressive bone loss and joint destruction resulting in skeletal deformities. MONA is caused by MMP2 deficiency. Here we report clinical and molecular analyses of four patients in two families from Pakistan and Finland. METHODS: Clinical analyses including radiography were completed and blood samples were collected. The extracted DNA was subjected to whole-exome analysis or target gene sequencing. Segregation analyses were performed in the nuclear pedigree. Pathogenicity prediction scores for the selected variants and conservation analyses of affected amino acids were observed. RESULTS: The phenotype in the four affected individuals was consistent with multicentric osteolysis or MONA, as the patients had multiple affected joints, osteolysis of hands and feet, immobility of knee joint and progressive bone loss. Long-term follow up of the patients revealed the progression of the disease. We found a novel MMP2 c.1336 + 2T > G homozygous splice donor variant segregating with the phenotype in the Pakistani family while a MMP2 missense variant c.1188 C > A, p.(Ser396Arg) was homozygous in both Finnish patients. In-silico analysis predicted that the splicing variant may eventually introduce a premature stop codon in MMP2. Molecular modeling for the p.(Ser396Arg) variant suggested that the change may disturb MMP2 collagen-binding region. CONCLUSION: Our findings expand the genetic spectrum of Multicentric osteolysis nodulosis and arthropathy. We also suggest that the age of onset of this disorder may vary from childhood up to late adolescence and that a significant degree of intrafamilial variability may be present.

LONG-TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE CORRELATION IN FAMILIAL EXUDATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY IN A TERTIARY REFERRAL CENTER.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical outcomes and assess genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). METHODS: Clinical charts of 40 patients with FEVR were reviewed. FEVR was staged per Pendergast and Trese, and retinal dragging and folds further classified per Yaguchi et al. We performed whole-exome sequencing and compared clinical characteristics between genetic-positive and genetic-negative groups. RESULTS: The mean duration of follow-up was 5.4 years (range: 0.33, 15) for genetic-positive and 6.9 (range: 1, 20) for genetic-negative patients. The mean age at diagnosis was 5.6 years (0.25, 27) for genetic-positive and 6.0 (0, 32) for genetic-negative patients. Genetic-positive patients reported 100% full-term births and genetic-negative patients reported 45% full-term births ( P = 0.0012). There were more patients with retinal folds with all major vessels affected (Yaguchi's Group 4) in genetic-positive compared with genetic-negative patients (21.4% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.045). TSPAN12 was the most common (57.1%) genetic mutation in our population of which 50% exhibited asymmetric presentation. CONCLUSION: Patients who test positive for a typical FEVR gene mutation reported more term births and had more severe disease by Yaguchi's classification. TSPAN12 was the most common genetic mutation in our population and had highly asymmetrical disease.

Genetic diagnosis of kidney disease by whole exome sequencing and its clinical application.

The genetic spectrum of genetic kidney diseases (GKD) and the application of genetic diagnoses to patient care were assessed by whole exome sequencing (WES) of the DNA of 172 pediatric or adult patients with various kidney diseases. WES diagnosed genetic diseases in 63 (36.6%) patients. The diagnostic yields in patients with glomerulopathy were 33.8% (25/74 pts) due to variants in 10 genes, 58.8% (20/34) in patients with tubulointerstitial disease due to variants in 18 genes, 33.3% (15/45) in patients with cystic disease/ciliopathy due to variants in 10 genes, 18.2% (2/11) in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) due to variants in two genes, and 12.5% (1/8) in patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD). The diagnosis rate was high in patients aged <1-6 years (46-50.0%), and low in patients aged ≥40 years (9.1%). Renal phenotype was reclassified in 10 (15.9%) of 63 patients and clinical management altered in 10 (15.9%) of 63 patients after genetic diagnosis. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated the diagnostic utility of WES and its effective clinical application in patients, with various kinds of kidney diseases, across the different age groups.

Maternal mosaicism in SSBP1 causing optic atrophy with retinal degeneration: implications for genetic counseling.

BACKGROUND: Optic atrophy-13 with retinal and foveal abnormalities (OPA13) (MIM #165510) is a mitochondrial disease in which apparent bilateral optic atrophy is present and sometimes followed by retinal pigmentary changes or photoreceptors degeneration. OPA13 is caused by heterozygous mutation in the SSBP1 gene, associated with variable mitochondrial dysfunctions. RESULTS: We have previously reported a 16-year-old Taiwanese male diagnosed with OPA13 and SSBP1 variant c.320G>A (p.Arg107Gln) was identified by whole exon sequence (WES). This variant was assumed to be de novo since his parents were clinically unaffected. However, WES and Sanger sequencing further revealed the proband's unaffected mother carrying the same SSBP1 variant with a 13% variant allele frequency (VAF) in her peripheral blood. That finding strongly indicates the maternal gonosomal mosaicism contributing to OPA13, which has not been reported before. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we described the first case of OPA13 caused by maternal gonosomal mosaicism in SSBP1. Parental mosaicism could be a serious issue in OPA13 diagnosis, and appropriate genetic counseling should be considered.

Combined immunodeficiency and impaired PI3K signaling in a patient with biallelic LCP2 variants.

BACKGROUND: Inborn errors affecting components of the T-cell receptor signaling cascade cause combined immunodeficiency with various degrees of severity. Recently, homozygous variants in LCP2 were reported to cause pediatric onset of severe combined immunodeficiency with neutrophil, platelet, and T- and B-cell defects. OBJECTIVE: We sought to unravel the genetic cause of combined immunodeficiency and early-onset immune dysregulation in a 26-year-old man who presented with specific antibody deficiency, autoimmunity, and inflammatory bowel disease since early childhood. METHODS: The patient was subjected to whole-exome sequencing of genomic DNA and examination of blood neutrophils, platelets, and T and B cells. Expression levels of the Src homology domain 2-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP76) and tonic and ligand-induced PI3K signaling were evaluated by flow-cytometric detection of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 in B and T cells. RESULTS: Compound heterozygous missense variants were identified in LCP2, affecting the proline-rich repeat domain of SLP76 (p.P190R and p.R204W). The patient's total B- and T-cell numbers were within the normal range, as was platelet function. However, neutrophil function, numbers of unswitched and class-switched memory B cells, and serum IgA were decreased. Moreover, intracellular SLP76 protein levels were reduced in the patient's B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells. Tonic and ligand-induced levels of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 and ligand-induced phosphorylated PLCγ1 were decreased in the patient's B cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Biallelic variants in LCP2 impair neutrophil function and T-cell and B-cell antigen-receptor signaling and can cause combined immunodeficiency with early-onset immune dysregulation, even in the absence of platelet defects.

DHX30-Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Severe Motor Impairment and Absent Language: First Korean Case in Two Siblings and Literature Review.

DHX30 variants have recently been reported in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders with severe motor impairment and absent language (NEDMIAL). We report the first Korean siblings presenting with NEDMIAL and previously unreported clinical features harboring a rare de novo DHX30 missense variant. The proband was a 10-year-old boy presenting with intellectual disability with severe motor impairment, absent language, facial dysmorphism, strabismus, sleep disturbances, and feeding difficulties. We performed whole-exome sequencing using genomic deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from buccal swabs, which revealed a heterozygous missense variant of DHX30: (c.2344C>T, p.Arg782Trp). Sanger sequencing was conducted for the proband, the affected sister, and each parent. The same variant was confirmed in two siblings but not in their parents, suggesting the possibility of de novo germline mosaicism.

Skewed X-chromosome Inactivation in Women with Idiopathic Intellectual Disability is Indicative of Pathogenic Variants.

Intellectual disability (ID) is an early onset impairment in cognitive functioning and adaptive behavior, affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Extreme skewing of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) can be associated with ID phenotypes caused by pathogenic variants in the X chromosome. We analyzed the XCI pattern in blood samples of 194 women with idiopathic ID, using the androgen receptor gene (AR) methylation assay. Among the 136 patients who were informative, 11 (8%) presented with extreme or total XCI skewing (≥ 90%), which was significantly higher than expected by chance. Whole-exome data obtained from these 11 patients revealed the presence of dominant pathogenic variants in eight of them, all sporadic cases, resulting in a molecular diagnostic rate of 73% (8/11 patients). All variants were mapped to ID-related genes with dominant phenotypes: four variants in the X-linked genes DDX3X (an XCI escape gene; two cases), WDR45, and PDHA1, and four variants in the autosomal genes KCNB1, CTNNB1, YY1, and ANKRD11. Three of the autosomal genes had no obvious correlation with the observed XCI skewing. However, YY1 is a known transcriptional repressor that acts in the binding of the XIST long noncoding RNA on the inactive X chromosome, providing a mechanistic link between the pathogenic variant and the detected skewed XCI in the carrier. These data confirm that extreme XCI skewing in females with ID is highly indicative of causative X-linked pathogenic variants, and point to the possibility of identifying causative variants in autosomal genes with a XCI role.

Maternal Mosaicism in SSBP1 Causing Optic Atrophy with Retinal Degeneration: Implications for Genetic Counseling.

Background: Optic atrophy-13 with retinal and foveal abnormalities (OPA13) (MIM #165510) is a mitochondrial disease in which apparent bilateral optic atrophy is present and sometimes followed by retinal pigmentary changes or photoreceptors degeneration. OPA13 is caused by heterozygous mutation in the SSBP1 gene, associated with variable mitochondrial dysfunctions. Results: We have previously reported a 16-year-old Taiwanese male diagnosed with OPA13 and SSBP1 variant c.320G>A (p.Arg107Gln) was identified by whole exon sequence (WES). This variant was assumed to be de novo since his parents were clinically unaffected. However, WES and Sanger sequencing further revealed the proband’s unaffected mother carrying the same SSBP1 variant with a 13% variant allele frequency (VAF) in her peripheral blood. That finding strongly indicates the maternal gonosomal mosaicism contributing to OPA13, which has not been reported before. Conclusions: In summary, we described the first case of OPA13 caused by maternal gonosomal mosaicism in SSBP1 . Parental mosaicism could be a serious issue in OPA13 diagnosis, and appropriate genetic counseling should be considered.

A biallelic variant of DCAF13 implicated in a neuromuscular disorder in humans.

Neuromuscular disorders encompass a broad range of phenotypes and genetic causes. We investigated a consanguineous family in which multiple patients had a neuromuscular disorder characterized by a waddling gait, limb deformities, muscular weakness and facial palsy. Exome sequencing was completed on the DNA of three of the four patients. We identified a novel missense variant in DCAF13, ENST00000612750.5, NM_015420.7, c.907 G > A;p.(Asp303Asn), ENST00000616836.4, NM_015420.6, c.1363 G > A:p.(Asp455Asn) (rs1209794872) segregating with this phenotype; being homozygous in all four affected patients and heterozygous in the unaffected individuals. The variant was extremely rare in the public databases (gnomAD allele frequency 0.000007081); was absent from the DNA of 300 ethnically matched controls and affected an amino acid which has been conserved across 1-2 billion years of evolution in eukaryotes. DCAF13 contains three WD40 domains and is hypothesized to have roles in both rRNA processing and in ubiquitination of proteins. Analysis of DCAF13 with the p.(Asp455Asn) variant predicted that the amino acid change is deleterious and affects a ß-hairpin turn, within a WD40 domain of the protein which may decrease protein stability. Previously, a heterozygous variant of DCAF13 NM_015420.6, c.20 G > C:p.(Trp7Ser) with or without a heterozygous missense variant in CCN3, was suggested to cause inherited cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy. In addition, a heterozygous DCAF13 variant has been associated with autism spectrum disorder. Our study indicates a potential role of biallelic DCAF13 variants in neuromuscular disorders. Screening of additional patients with similar phenotype may broaden the allelic and phenotypic spectrum due to DCAF13 variants.

KBG syndrome: Clinical features and molecular findings in seven unrelated Korean families with a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: KBG syndrome is a rare genetic disorder involving macrodontia of the upper central incisors, craniofacial, skeletal, and neurologic symptoms, caused either by a heterozygous variant in ANKRD11 or deletion of 16q24.3, including ANKRD11. Diagnostic criteria were proposed in 2007 based on 50 cases, but KBG syndrome remains underdiagnosed. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing (WES) and array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) were conducted for genetic analysis and patient phenotypes were characterized based on medical records. RESULTS: Eight patients from seven unrelated families were confirmed with KBG syndrome. All patients (8/8, 100%) had some degree of craniofacial dysmorphism and developmental delay or intellectual disabilities. Triangular face, synophrys, anteverted nostril, prominent ears, long philtrum, and tented upper lip, which are typical facial dysmorphism findings in patients with KBG syndrome, were uniformly identified in the eight patients participating in this study, with co-occurrence rates of 4/8 (50%), 4/8 (50%), 4/8 (50%), 4/8 (50%), 5/8 (62.5%), and 5/8 (62.5%), respectively. Various clinical manifestations not included in the diagnostic criteria were observed. Six patients had point mutations in ANKRD11, one had an exonic deletion of ANKRD11, and one had a 16q24.3 microdeletion. According to the ACMG guidelines, all mutations were classified as pathogenic. The c.2454dup (p.Asn819fs*1) mutation in Pt 4 was reported previously. The remaining variants (c.397 + 1G>A, c.226 + 1G>A, c.2647del (p.Glu883Argfs*94), and c.4093C>T (p.Arg1365Ter)) were novel. CONCLUSION: The clinical and molecular features of eight patients from seven unrelated Korean families with KBG syndrome described here will assist physicians in understanding this rare genetic condition.

Congenital Stationary Night Blindness: Clinical and Genetic Features.

Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an inherited retinal disease (IRD) that causes night blindness in childhood with heterogeneous genetic, electrophysical, and clinical characteristics. The development of sequencing technologies and gene therapy have increased the ease and urgency of diagnosing IRDs. This study describes seven Taiwanese patients from six unrelated families examined at a tertiary referral center, diagnosed with CSNB, and confirmed by genetic testing. Complete ophthalmic exams included best corrected visual acuity, retinal imaging, and an electroretinogram. The effects of identified novel variants were predicted using clinical details, protein prediction tools, and conservation scores. One patient had an autosomal dominant CSNB with a RHO variant; five patients had complete CSNB with variants in GRM6, TRPM1, and NYX; and one patient had incomplete CSNB with variants in CACNA1F. The patients had Riggs and Schubert-Bornschein types of CSNB with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance patterns. This is the first report of CSNB patients in Taiwan with confirmed genetic testing, providing novel perspectives on molecular etiology and genotype-phenotype correlation of CSNB. Particularly, variants in TRPM1, NYX, and CACNA1F in our patient cohort have not previously been described, although their clinical significance needs further study. Additional study is needed for the genotype-phenotype correlation of different mutations causing CSNB. In addition to genetic etiology, the future of gene therapy for CSNB patients is reviewed and discussed.